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Parameter setup
1
2
3
4
\(\sigma_{{BV_{dir} }}^{2}\)
10
20
10
20
\(\sigma_{{BV_{mat} }}^{2}\)
10
10
10
10
\(r_{{BV_{dir} , BV_{mat} }}\)
0
0
− 0.50
− 0.50
Monoandrous mating (queen mated with a single drone)
\(\sigma_{P}^{2}\)
47.50
55.00
42.5
47.93
\(h_{dir}^{2}\)
0.21
0.36
0.24
0.42
\(h_{mat}^{2}\)
0.21
0.18
0.24
0.21
Polyandrous mating (queen mated with 8 drones)
\(\sigma_{P}^{2}\)
43.13
46.25
38.13
39.18
\(h_{dir}^{2}\)
0.23
0.43
0.26
0.51
\(h_{mat}^{2}\)
0.23
0.22
0.26
0.26
\(\sigma_{{BV_{dir} }}^{2}\) , \(\sigma_{{BV_{mat} }}^{2}\) and \(\sigma_{P}^{2}\) represent, respectively, the variances (\(\sigma^{2}\) ) of the queens’ direct (\(dir\) ) and maternal (\(mat\) ) breeding values (\(BV\) ) and of the colony’s performance (\(P\) ) in the base population; \(r_{{BV_{dir} , BV_{mat} }}\) is the direct-maternal genetic correlation; \(\sigma_{P}^{2}\) is the phenotypic variance in the initial population. \(h_{dir}^{2}\) and \(h_{mat}^{2}\) are the heritabilities for direct (\(dir\) ) and maternal (\(mat\) ) effects, respectively
