Fig. 1

Decomposition of phenotypic variance into different components using approaches based on NOIA and HWE assumption for the six traits. The variance ratios are: \(h^{2}\) is additive; \(d^{2}\) is dominance; \({\mathbf{e}}_{{{\mathbf{aa}}}}^{2}\) is additive-by-additive epistatic; \(m^{2}\) is maternal; and \(e^{2}\) is residual